Testing and proof are complementary. Testing, including property-based testing and fuzzing, is powerful: it catches bugs quickly, cheaply, and often in surprising ways. But testing provides confidence. Proof provides a guarantee. The difference matters, and it is hard to quantify how high the confidence from testing actually is. Software can be accompanied by proofs of its correctness, proofs that a machine checks mechanically, with no room for error. When AI makes proof cheap, it becomes the stronger path: one proof covers every possible input, every edge case, every interleaving. A verified cryptographic library is not better engineering. It is a mathematical guarantee.
Within a decade its value had soared to about £1bn - but then trouble set in.
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backend systems. Ultimately, as so often happens, it may have been IBM's success
Asking isn’t a weakness — it’s a strategic move that opens doors to resources, insight, and opportunities that wouldn’t exist otherwise.